In order to address issues such as poor durability of bamboo tubes leading to a short lifespan of traditional bamboo construction, weak performance of traditional bamboo culm structural joints, and high construction costs of modern bamboo culm spatial structures, a new approach was proposed. This approach involves a frame-unit prefabricated bamboo culm lattice structure system, composed of affordable standard fasteners connected straight bamboo culms. One key feature is that all joints require only two bamboo culms to connect, providing ample reinforcement space in the joint area. The fabrication process for planar polygonal frame units is straightforward, and the use of bolted connections makes the assembly process of the structure quick and convenient. Construction positioning is greatly simplified, as it only requires control of the vertical coordinates at the corner of the frame unit, reducing the complexity of construction for complex curved structures. The lifespan of structure can be extended by replacing deteriorated frame units in situ. This system has been proven feasible and reasonable through the construction of cylindrical, spherical, and hyperbolic paraboloid form buildings. Two enhanced structural forms, stacked and truss lattice structures, were proposed, and their effectiveness in improving structural load-bearing capacity and stiffness has been demonstrated through component loading tests. It is emphasized that in the development of new structural systems, increasing the level of industrialization in the production process and reducing costs in all construction phases are crucial for widespread application. Additionally, it is noted that the establishment of bamboo culm structural analysis and design theories will face critical challenges related to material nonlinearity, geometric nonlinearity, and interface contact.